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Saat ini sedang populer lampu rem yang dapat berkedip. Tujuan lampu rem berkedip agar lebih terlihat, karena lampu malam (lampu belakang) juga berwarna merah yang sama dengan lampu rem. Beberapa pabrikan seperti Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW sudah menerapkan lampu rem yang dapat berkedip pada beberapa model. Mobil balam formula satu bahkan sudah lama menerapkannya.

Sirkuit sederhana berikut ini dapat digunakan untuk membuat lampu rem berkedip. Bisa diaplikasikan pada lampu LED maupun lampu pijar (bohlam).

R = relay 5 kaki SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) 12 volt
Dz = dioda zener 12 volt 1 watt
C = kondensor 470 mf 25 volt
R1 = 120 ohm resistor 1 watt
D = dioda 1n4007
LED diameter 5 mm
R2 = 1k ohm resistor 0,25 watt
B = lampu rem

Foto berikut memperlihatkan susunan komponen yang terpasang pada papan matrix.

Video di YouTube berikut memperlihatkan saat prototipe sedang diuji-coba.

Relay (R) tipe SPDT dengan 5 kaki. Kaki NC (Normally Closed) terhubung saat relay mati, kaki ini terhubung ke lampu dan menyuplai arus ke kondensor (C). Lampu menyala jika relai tidak aktif. Relay akan aktif saat kondensor hampir penuh. Jika relay aktif maka arus ke lampu dan kondensor akan terputus. Lampu akan mati. Kondensor akan menyuplai arus ke solenoid relai, sehingga relai tetap aktif beberapa saat, dan lampu tetap mati. Jika tegangan kondensor sudah rendah, maka solenoid relai akan mati. Selanjutnya kaki NC akan terhubung kembali, lampu menyala dan kondensor terisi kembali. Maka siklus akan berlanjut.

Tampak pada foto rangkaian, relai 12 volt berwarna oranye dengan merk Schrack tipe TN313012. Relai ini dapat mengalirkan arus searah sebesar maximal 7 ampere. Jadi untuk 12 volt maka daya maximal beban, dalam hal ini lampu, adalah = 12 x 7 = 84 watt.

Kondensor (C) menentukan frekuensi kedipan. Dengan nilai 470 mikro farad akan membuat kedipan dengan frekuensi sekitar 5 hertz, atau 5 kedipan per detik, cocok untuk lampu rem yang berkedip. Frekuensi juga akan bergantung pada relai yang digunakan.

Dengan nilai 1.500 mikro farad frekuensinya sekitar 1,5 hertz, cocok untuk lampu sein (lampu belok). Karena flasher ini bekerja dengan solenoid (elektro magnet), maka flasher ini membutuhkan kabel negatif. Sedangkan flasher orisinal pada kendaraan bermotor biasanya tidak membutuhkan kabel negatif (ground), karena bekerja berdasarkan panas akibat dilalui arus listrik yang menuju lampu. Flasher orisinal terdiri dari bimetal yang akan memutus arus ketika sudah panas, dan menyambung kembali segera setelah lebih dingin.

Dioda zener (Dz) menstabilkan tegangan pada 12 volt. Karena tegangan pada kendaraan biasanya tidak stabil, dan menyebabkan perubahan frekuensi kedipan. Zener dan kondensor juga menghilangkan tegangan tinggi (spike) yang timbul saat relai berubah dari aktif menjadi mati. Tegangan spike dapat merusak transistor dan IC. Zener atau kondensor harus selalu terpasang saat relai diaktifkan menggunakan adaptor dengan transistor ataupun IC stabilisator tegangan

Resistor 1 (R1) menghubung kondensor (C) ke negatif (ground) saat pengisian kondensor. Semakin besar ukurannya maka akan semakin lama pengisian, dan makin lama lampu menyala. Sebaliknya jika R1 dikecilkan maka lamanya waktu menyala lampu semakin sebentar. Arus yang melalui R1 juga melalui relai dan akan mengaktifkan relai. Jika R1 terlalu besar maka relai tidak akan bisa aktif karena arus terlalu lemah, walau kondensor sudah penuh. Dari test yang dilakukan, nilai terbesar R1 adalah sekitar 180 ohm, dengan nilai ini relai sudah mulai sulit untuk aktif.

Dioda (D) mencegah arus dari kondensor mengalir menuju lampu (B) saat relai aktif. Arus dari kondensor hanya boleh menuju solenoid relai, guna mengkontrol aktivasi relay.

Lampu LED berdiameter 5 mm adalah indikator saja, dapat diabaikan. Warna LED boleh memilih sesuai selera.

Resistor LED (R2) untuk membatasi arus agar LED tidak putus. Resistor ini bisa diabaikan jika LED tidak dipasang. Jika resistor dikecilkan maka LED akan semakin terang. Untuk ukuran diameter 5 mm, biasanya arus LED tidak boleh melampaui 20 miliampere.

Lampu (B) adalah lampu rem orisinal kendaraan. Bisa berupa lampu pijar (bohlam), maupun lampu LED.

Menurut saya sebaiknya flasher lampu rem tidak digunakan pada lampu rem yang berdampingan dengan lampu sein. Karena dapat rancu jika dilihat sekilas oleh pengemudi lain saat kecepatan tinggi. Posisi terbaik untuk lampu rem berkedip adalah pada lampu rem ke 3, atau lampu rem di tengah, di kaca belakang mobil. Beberapa sepeda motor menggunakan lampu sein yang menggunakan tangkai dan terpisah dari lampu rem, maka bisa mencegah kerancuan jika lampu rem berkedip.

Harap pembaca menerapkan rangkaian ini secara bijaksana.

Flashing brake light is now popular. The purpose of the flashing brake light is to make it more visible. Because the tail lamp (rear light) has the same red color as the brake light. Some manufacturers such as Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Honda have applied brake light that can flash on several models of cars and motorbikes.

Currently at the rear end the Formula One (F1) race car, there is a flashing red light. That flashing red light is activated when conditions are critical (such as: rain, fog), or when the car harvests electric power from the wheel (kinetic energy) to charge the battery in the turbo hybrid system. Charging the battery will make the car slow down and be used when entering the bend, similar to braking technique by engine brake. Furthermore, battery power will be used for acceleration, such as when exiting a bend.

Read also simple adjustable twinkle light 2,200 watts.

The following simple and inexpensive electronic flasher circuit can be used to make flashing brake light. It can be applied to LED light or incandescent bulb.

R = relay 5 pins SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) 12 volts
Dz = 12 volts zener diode 1 watt
C = condenser 470 microfarads 25 volts
R1 = 120 ohms 1 watt resistor
D = diode 1N4007
LED diameter of 5 mm
R2 = 1 kilo ohm 0.25 watts resistor
B = brake light

The following photo shows the composition of the components attached to the matrix board.

The following video on YouTube shows when the circuit prototype is being tested.

R is a relay SPDT with 5 pins. SPDT stands for Single Pole Double Throw. 2 pins of the relay are used to activate the solenoid, and 3 other pins as a switch. NC (Normally Closed) pins are connected when the relay is off, this pin is connected to the lamp and supplies current to the condenser (C). Flasher relay will turn on the light if the relay is not active. The relay will be active when the condenser is almost full. If the relay is active, the current to the lamp and condenser will be disconnected, because the relay connects to the Normally Open (NO) pin. The lamp will turn off. The condenser will supply the current to the relay solenoid, so the relay stays active for a while, and the lamp stays off. If the condenser voltage is low, the relay solenoid will off. Then the NC pin will be connected again, the light is on and the condenser is recharged. Then the cycle will continue.

Seen in the circuit photo, 12 volt relay has orange color with Schrack brand type TN313012. This relay can transmit direct current for a maximum of 7 amperes. So for 12 volts the maximum power load, in this case the lamp, is = 12 x 7 = 84 watts.

Condenser (C) determines the blinking frequency. With a value of 470 microfarads will make a blink with a frequency of about 5 hertzs, or 5 blinks per second, suitable for flashing brake light. The frequency will also depend on the relay which is used.

With a value of 1,500 microfarads, flashing frequency is about 1.5 hertzs, suitable for turn signal (turn light). Because this flasher works with a solenoid (electromagnet), this flasher requires a negative wire. While the original flasher in a vehicle usually does not need a negative wire (ground), because it works based on heat due to the electric current that goes to the lamp. The original flasher is made of a bimetal that will disconnect the current when it is hot, and reconnect immediately after it's cooler. The turn signal lamp has a typical tick-tock sound due to the movement of the bimetal plate.

The zener diode (Dz) stabilizes the voltage at 12 volts. Because the voltage on a vehicle is usually unstable, and causes flashing frequency change. Zener and condenser also eliminate high voltage (spikes) that is produced in relay's solenoid when the relay is turned off. The spike voltage can damage the transistor and IC. Zener or condenser must always be installed when the relay is activated using an adapter with a transistor or IC voltage stabilizer. Pay attention to the above schematic and picture, zener is installed in reverse position. The cathode pin is connected to positive and the anode pin is connected to negative or ground. The current will flow from the cathode (K) to the anode (A) if the zener voltage is exceeded. This is why the zener to be used as a voltage stabilizer.

Resistor 1 (R1) connects the condenser (C) to negative (ground) when condenser is charging. The bigger resistant, the longer charging time for condenser, and the longer the lamp lights up. Conversely, if R1 is reduced, the length of time that the lamp lights up will be shorter. The current that passes through R1 also flows through the relay and activates the relay. If the R1 is too big then the relay will not be activated, because the current is too weak. Even though the condenser is full. From the test result, the biggest value of R1 is around 180 ohms, with this value the relay has begun to be difficult to activate.

The diode (D) prevents the current from the condenser to flow into the bulb (B) when the relay is activated. The current from the condenser can only go to the relay solenoid, in order to control relay activation.

LED light with a diameter of 5 mm is just an indicator, can be ignored. LED colors may be chosen according to your design.

Resistor LED (R2) to limit the current so that the LED will not damage. This resistor can be ignored if the LED is not installed. If the resistant is reduced then the LED will be brighter. For a diameter of 5 mm, usually the LED current must not exceed 20 milliamperes.

Lamp (B) is the vehicle's original brake light. Can be an incandescent lamp (bulb), or LED (Light Emitting Diode) light.

In my opinion, the flashing brake light should not be used on the brake light that are adjacent to the turn signal. Because it can be ambiguous when viewed at a glance by other drivers at high speed. The best position for the flashing brake light is on the third (3rd) brake light, or the brake light in the center at the back of the car. Some motorbikes have turn signal light with stem and separated from the brake light, so it can prevent confusion if the brake light is blinking.

Hopefully the reader applies this circuit wisely.

Video berikut berkendara dari jalan Antasari menuju gerbang Cilandak, selanjutnya keluar di Brigif. Pada saat video direkam jalan tol ini hanya sampai Brigif. Dari arah Cilandak, pintu keluar ke arah Pondok Labu, Andara, dan Ciganjur sudah beroperasi. Pintu ini dekat dengan yang dekat dengan perumahan Green Andara Residence.

Jalan tol Depok Antasari (Desari) sudah dapat digunakan sejak diresmikan oleh Presiden Joko Widodo di hari Kamis 27 September 2018. Seksi IA, ruas Antasari-Brigif sepanjang 5,8 km di Gerbang Tol Cilandak Utama, Jakarta Selatan. Proyek jalan tol Depok-Antasari sepanjang total 21,6 kilometer direncanakan akan terhubung dengan tol Bogor Ring Road sampai Ciawi, dengan penambahan Bojonggede-Salabenda sepanjang 6,5 kilometer. Sehingga diharapkan akan mengurangi kepadatan di jalan tol Jagorawi (Jakarta Bogor Ciawi).

Baca juga Jakarta - Bogor via kereta rel listrik (KRL).

Video berikut saat berkendara dari Brigif menuju Cilandak, selanjutnya ke jalan Antasari ke arah Blok M. Kecepatan kendaraan pada video lebih cepat sekitar 1,5 kali kecepatan sebenarnya. Dari arah Brigif sementara ini hanya gerbang Cilandak yang aktif. Nantinya akan ada gerbang Pondok Labu atau Andara .

KM	Gerbang Tol	Berbatasan dengan	Menuju
0	Antasari Interchange	Jalan Pangeran Antasari	Cipete, Blok M (utara)
		Jalan Tol Lingkar Luar Jakarta	Fatmawati, Pondok Indah, Jalan Tol Jakarta-Serpong (barat)
		Jalan TB Simatupang	Mampang Prapatan, Pasar Minggu, Jalan Tol Jagorawi (timur)
1	Cilandak Utama		Gerbang tol utama Jalan Tol Desari
3	Andara	Jalan Andara	Andara, Pondok Labu, Ciganjur
5	Brigif	Jalan Brigif	Ciganjur, Gandul, Cinere
8	Krukut Interchange	Jalan Tol Cinere-Jagorawi	Cinere, Pamulang, Jalan Tol Serpong-Cinere (barat)
			Kukusan, Margonda, Cisalak, Jalan Tol Cimanggis-Cibitung (timur)
13	Sawangan	Jalan Raya Sawangan	Sawangan, Mampang, Parung
21	Bojonggede	Jalan Raya Tegar Beriman II	Bojonggede, Tajur Halang, Cibinong

The following video when driving from Brigif to Cilandak, then to Antasari road towards Blok M. The vehicle speed in the video is faster about 1.5 times of the actual speed. From Brigif direction, the operational gate is only Cilandak gate. Later there will be a gate towards Pondok Labu or Andara.

The Depok Antasari toll road (Desari) is already operational since it was inaugurated by President Joko Widodo on Thursday September 27, 2018, for section IA, the Antasari-Brigif section with a length of 5.8 km at toll gate Cilandak Utama, South Jakarta. The project Depok-Antasari toll road with a total of 21.6 kilometers is planned to be connected with the Bogor Ring Road toll road to Ciawi, with the addition of 6.5 kilometers of Bojonggede-Salabenda. So that it is expected to reduce the density on the Jagorawi toll road (Jakarta Bogor Ciawi).

The following video is showing a test drive from Antasari road and enter via Cilandak toll gate, then exit at Brigif. When the video was recorded, this toll road only reached Brigif. From the direction of Cilandak, the exit to Pondok Labu, Andara and Ciganjur is already operating. This exit is close to Green Andara Residence real estate.

KM	Toll Gates	Adjacent To	Destination
0	Antasari Interchange	Pangeran Antasari road	Cipete, Blok M (north)
		Jakarta Outer Ring Road	Fatmawati, Pondok Indah, Jakarta-Serpong (west) toll
		TB Simatupang road	Mampang Prapatan, Pasar Minggu, Jagorawi (east) toll
1	Cilandak Utama		Main toll gate Desari
3	Andara	Andara road	Andara, Pondok Labu, Ciganjur
5	Brigif	Brigif road	Ciganjur, Gandul, Cinere
8	Krukut Interchange	Cinere-Jagorawi toll	Cinere, Pamulang, Serpong-Cinere (west) toll
			Kukusan, Margonda, Cisalak, Cimanggis-Cibitung (east) toll
13	Sawangan	Sawangan road	Sawangan, Mampang, Parung
21	Bojonggede	Tegar Beriman II road	Bojonggede, Tajur Halang, Cibinong

Rangkaian flasher lampu rem elektronik sederhana ini menggunakan relay yang dikontrol oleh transistor agar frekuensinya bisa disetel dengan mudah dengan trimpot (trimmer potensiometer). Lihat video saat rangkaian diuji frekuensinya.

Lihat juga video saat sirkuit dipasang pada lampu rem ke tiga pada mobil, atau lampu rem tengah.

Berikut adalah daftar komponen dari rangkaian yang sederhana dan murah namun efektif sebagaimana skema di atas.

R = relay 5 kaki SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) 12 volt
D = dioda 1N4007
T = transistor BC109C
Rb = trimpot 10 kiloohm
Rc = resistor 120 kiloohm
C = kondensor 33 mikrofarad 25 volt
B = lampu rem

SPDT Relay (R) dengan lima kaki. SPDT adalah singkatan dari Single Pole Double Throw. Dua kaki dari relay digunakan untuk mengaktifkan solenoid, dan tiga kaki lainya sebagai saklar. Kaki NC (Normally Closed) terhubung saat relay mati, kaki ini terhubung ke lampu dan menyuplai arus ke kondensor (C).

Flasher relay ini akan menyalakan lampu jika relay tidak aktif. Relay akan aktif saat tegangan kondensor di atas 0,6 volt. Jika relay aktif maka arus ke lampu dan kondensor akan terputus, karena relay menghubung ke kaki Normally Open (NO). Lampu akan mati. Kondensor akan menyuplai arus ke basis transistor, transistor menghubungkan solenoid ke negatif. Sehingga relai akan aktif beberapa saat, dan lampu tetap mati. Jika tegangan kondensor lebi rendah dari 0,6 volt, maka transistor memutus arus dan solenoid relai akan mati. Selanjutnya kaki NC akan terhubung kembali, lampu menyala dan kondensor terisi kembali. Maka siklus akan berlanjut.

Tampak pada foto rangkaian, relai 12 volt berwarna oranye dengan merk Schrack tipe TN313012. Relai ini dapat mengalirkan arus searah sebesar maximal 7 ampere. Jadi untuk 12 volt maka daya maximal beban, dalam hal ini lampu, adalah = 12 x 7 = 84 watt.

Dioda (D) berfungsi untuk menghilangkan tegangan tinggi (spike) yang timbul saat arus ke solenoid terputus. Spike ini dapat merusak transistor. Spike timbul karena runtuhnya medan magnet di solenoid menginduksikan tegangan tinggi dengan arah arus yang kebalikan arus suplai. Itulah sebabnya dioda dipasang terbalik.

Transistor BC109C dari jenis NPN, akan mengalirkan arus dari solenoid relay ke negatif jika tegangan di kaki basis di atas 0,6 volt. Transistor ini mempunyai bodi metal, sehingga kalau kepanasan maka dapat dipasang pendingin. Dari hasil test temperatur transistor tidak naik sekalipun flasher diuji selama beberapa jam.

Trimpot (Rb) dengan nilai 10 kiloohm akan menentukan lamanya waktu pengosongan kondensor. Sehingga menentukan lamanya waktu relay aktif dan lampu mati. Maka frekwensi dapat berubah saat trimpot ini disetel. Semakin besar nilai Rb maka semakin lama pengosongan kondensor, semakin lama lampu mati, dan frekwensi semakin rendah.

Resistor (Rc) berukuran 120 kiloohm menentukan lamanya waktu pengisian kondensor. Dengan kata lain menentukan lamanya relay tidak aktif dan lampu menyala. Semakin besar nilainya maka makin lama lampu menyala. Resistor ini juga menentukan besar arus yang disuplai ke basis transistor. Sehingga menentukan juga besar arus yang disuplai ke solenoid relay. Jika arus relay terlalu kecil maka relay sulit untuk diaktifkan. Dari hasil test diketahui bahwa Rc senilai 330 kiloohm akan membuat relay sulit untuk diaktifkan.

Sebenarnya Rc juga dapat diganti trimpot agar dapat disetel. Tapi terlalu banyak setelan juga dapat merepotkan. Transistor juga memiliki batasan arus basis maximal, sehingga jika Rc diganti trimpot maka beresiko arus maximal basis terlampaui dan transistor rusak.

Kondensor (C) senilai 33 mikrofarad menentukan lamanya lampu menyala, sekaligus juga menentukan lamanya lampu mati. Semakin besar nilainya maka frekwensi akan semakin rendah.

Lampu rem (B) tersambung pada kaki Normally Close (NC) dari relay. Jika sistem tidak bekerja, maka lampu rem akan tetap menyala tapi tidak berkedip. Jadi dengan desain ini, masih aman untuk mobil atau motor yang menggunakan sirkuit ini, meskipun flasher ini tidak berfungsi dengan baik.

Pada video tampak adanya lampu LED sebagai indikator. Jika ingin menambah lampu LED 5 mm tersebut maka cukup disambung pada kaki relay dengan menggunakan resistor dengan nilai sekitar 2,2 kiloohm sudah cukup terang sinarnya. Pemasangan LED dapat dibaca juga pada artikel flasher relay sederhana.

Input tegangan 12 vdc disambung ke kabel positif dari lampu rem, atau kabel positif dari switch pedal rem.

Rangkaian ini juga dapat diaplikasikan sebagai flasher lampu sein (lampu belok).

Lampu rem berkedip adalah teknologi yang masih sangat baru. Sehingga peraturannya masih rancu di beberapa tempat. Untuk itu dibutuhkan kebijaksanaan pemirsa dalam menerapkan rangkaian ini pada mobil ataupun sepeda motor.

Tujuan lampu rem berkedip agar lebih terlihat. Karena lampu malam (lampu belakang) juga berwarna merah yang sama dengan lampu rem. Beberapa pabrikan seperti Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Honda sudah menerapkan lampu rem yang dapat berkedip pada beberapa model mobil dan sepeda motor.

Saat ini di belakang mobil balap formula satu (F1) dilengkapi lampu merah berkedip yang diaktifkan ketika kondisi agak berbahaya (seperti: hujan, kabut), atau ketika mobil memanen daya listrik dari putaran roda (energi kinetik) untuk mengisi baterai pada sistem turbo hybrid. Pengisian baterai akan membuat mobil melambat dan digunakan seperti saat memasuki tikungan, mirip teknik rem dengan engine brake. Selanjutnya tenaga baterai akan digunakan untuk akselerasi, seperti saat keluar dari tikungan.

This simple adjustable electronic flasher circuit uses a relay controlled by a transistor, so that its frequency can be adjusted easily with a trimpot (trimmer potentiometer). See the video when the circuit is tested for frequency adjustment.

Also watch the video when the circuit is connected to the third brake light on the car, or the center brake light.

The following is a list of components that are simple and inexpensive but effective as the above schematic.

R = 5 pins relay SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw) 12 volts
D = diode 1N4007
T = transistor BC109C
Rb = 10 kiloohms trimpot
Rc = 120 kiloohms resistor
C = condenser or capacitor 33 microfarads 25 volts
B = brake light

Relay (R) is SPDT five pins. SPDT stands for Single Pole Double Throw. Two pins of the relay are used to activate the solenoid, and the other three pins as switches. See the relay switch circuit, NC (Normally Closed) pin is connected when the relay is off, this pin is connected to the bulb and supply current to charge the condenser (C).

This flasher relay will turn on the brake light if the relay is not active. The relay will be active when the condenser voltage is above 0.6 volts. If the relay is active, the current to the lamp and condenser will be disconnected, because the relay connects to the Normally Open (NO) pin. The brake light will turn off. The condenser supplies current to the base of the transistor, the transistor connects the solenoid to negative. So the relay will be active for a while, and the brake light will still off. When the condenser voltage is lower than 0.6 volts, the transistor cuts the current and the solenoid relay will off. Then the NC pin will be reconnected, the light is on and the condenser is charging again. And the cycle will continue.

As shown in the circuit photo, the 12 volts relay is an orange colored Schrack type TN313012. This relay allows direct current at a maximum of 7 amperes. So for 12 volts, the maximum load power relay, in this case the brake lamp, is about = 12 x 7 = 84 watts.

Diode (D) will short high voltage (spike), which arises when the current to the solenoid is cut off. This spike can damage the transistor. The spike arises because collapsing solenoid magnetic field induces a high voltage in the opposite direction of supply current. That is why this diode is installed backward.

The BC109C is an NPN transistor switch (T). This transistor will allow the current from the solenoid relay flow to negative when the voltage at transistor's base is above 0.6 volts. This transistor has a metal body. So if it is overheated, a cooling fin can be installed. From the test results the temperature of the transistor does not rise even though the flasher is tested for several hours.

Trimpot (Rb) with a value of 10 kiloohms will determine the length of time to discharge condenser. So it determines the length of time of activating relay and the light is off. The frequency can be changed when this trimpot is adjusted. The greater the Rb value, the longer the condenser is discharging, the longer the light off, and the lower the frequency.

The 120 kiloohm resistor (Rc) determines the length of time the condenser is charging. In other words, the duration of the relay is inactive and the light is on. The greater the value, the longer the light on. This resistor also determines the amount of current supplied to the transistor base. So it determines the amount of current supplied to the relay solenoid. If the relay current is too small, the relay is difficult to activate. From the test results it is known that Rc resistant value 330 kiloohms will make the relay difficult to activate.

Actually the Rc can also be replaced with a trimpot, so that it can be adjusted. But too many adjustments can also be troublesome. The transistor also has a maximum base current limitation, so if the Rc is replaced by the trimpot, then the risk of the maximal base current is exceeded and the transistor will be damage.

The 33 microfarad condenser (C) determines the length of time of the light to turn on, and also determines the length of time of the light off. The greater the value, the lower the frequency.

The brake light (B) is connected to the Normally Close (NC) pin of relay. If the system does not work, the brake light will remain on but not blinking. So with this design, it is still safe for the car or motorcycle that using this circuit, although it is not function properly.

The video shows an LED light as an indicator. If you want to add a 5 mm LED light, it is simple by connecting LED to the relay pin using a resistor with a value of about 2.2 kiloohms. The LED will light up quite brightly. Installation of LED can also be read on simple relay flasher articles.

12 vdc input voltage is connected to a positive wire of the brake light wiring, or a positive wire from the brake pedal switch.

This circuit can also be applied as a turn signal flasher relay.

Flashing brake light is a very new technology. So the regulations are still ambiguous in several places. For this reason, it takes the viewer's discretion to apply this circuit on to car or motorcycle.

The purpose of the flashing brake light is to make it more visible. Because the tail lamp (rear light) has the same red color as the brake light. Some manufacturers such as Mercedes Benz, Volvo, BMW, Honda have applied brake light that can flash on several models of car and motorbike.

Currently at the rear end the Formula One (F1) race car, there is a flashing red light. That flashing red light is activated when conditions are critical (such as: rain, fog), or when the car harvests electric power from the wheel (kinetic energy) to charge the battery in the turbo hybrid system. Charging the battery will make the car slow down and be used when entering the bend, similar to braking technique by engine brake. Furthermore, battery power will be used for acceleration, such as when exiting a bend.

Video ini terdiri dari beberapa foto saat amaryllis merah sedang mekar. Selanjutnya diikuti dengan rekaman video dari jarak dekat memperlihatkan bagian dalam dari mahkota (sepal). Terlihat jelas kepala sari (antera), benang sari (stamen), kepala putik (stigma), dan tangkai putik.

Menurut konsensus para ahli botani di tahun 1987, jenis ini bernama hippeastrum, bukan amaryllis. Dengan nama lengkap spesies hippeastrum puniceum. Tapi nama amaryllis sudah terlanjur terkenal.

Sebagaimana dapat dibaca di Wikipedia. Nama hippeastrum diberikan oleh William Herbert yang bermakna "Knight's-star-lily", mungkin bisa diartikan sebagai lily bintang ksatria. Selama bertahun-tahun ada kebingungan di kalangan para ahli botani atas nama generik amaryllis dan hippeastrum. Salah satu kesimpulannya adalah bahwa nama umum "amarilis" terutama digunakan untuk kultivar genus ini, sering dijual sebagai umbi bunga dalam ruangan terutama pada Natal di belahan bumi utara.

Nama generik amaryllis berlaku tanaman umbi dari Afrika Selatan, biasanya tumbuh di luar ruangan. Genus ini asli daerah tropis dan subtropis Amerika dari Argentina utara ke Meksiko dan Karibia.

Pada lingkungan tropis seperti di Jakarta, tanaman ini termasuk mudah untuk dipelihara dan menyukai sinar matahari langsung agar rajin berbunga. Walaupun bisa hidup di tempat teduh, tapi akan sulit berbunga. Foto-foto bunga sedang mekar yang kemudian disatukan menjadi video, diambil mulai dari sekitar jam 7 pagi sampai jam 13 siang. Dengan selang waktu pengambilan foto setiap 10 menit.

Nama lain spesies ini antara lain: barbados lily, easter lily, cacao lily, cocoa lily, amaryllis lily, puspa patuk, bunga bakung.

Lihat juga mekarnya empat bunga amaryllis warna merah jambu.

This video consists of several photos when the red amaryllis is blooming. Then followed by a video recording from close up distance showing the inside of the crown (corrolla) with six petals. We can see clearly stigma and style as part of pistil. Also we can see anther and filament as parts of stamen.

According to the consensus of botanists in 1987, this type of flower plant was called hippeastrum, not amaryllis. With the species full name is hippeastrum puniceum. But the amaryllis name is already famous.

As can be read on Wikipedia. Hippeastrum's name is given by William Herbert which means "Knight's-star-lily". Over the years there has been confusion among botanists in the generic name of amaryllis and hippeastrum. One conclusion is that the common name "amaryllis" is actually genus hippeastrum, often sold as indoor flower bulbs especially on Christmas in the northern hemisphere and popular as Christmas amaryllis bulbs.

The genus name of amaryllis applies to flower plant from South Africa, usually growing outdoors. Amaryllis is relatively difficult to adapt, if compared to hippeastrum. So far only two species of amaryllis have been recorded: amaryllis belladonna and amaryllis paradisicola

Amaryllis is also known as: belladonna lily, jersey lily, naked lady, amarillo, easter lily in southern Australia, march lily in South Africa.

Both amaryllis and hippeastrum are in the same subfamily amaryllidoideae

In tropical environment such as in Jakarta, this hippeastrum plant is easy to maintain. Hippeastrum likes direct sunlight to make it diligent in flowering. Although it can live in the shade or indoor, but it will be difficult to flower. Photos of blooming flower are put together to become a video, taken from around 7:00 to 13:00. With an interval of taking photos every 10 minutes.

See also the bloom of four pink amaryllis flowers.

Prosedur pembuatan jalur konduktor Printed Circuit Board ini hanya menggunakan pisau cutter dan solder. Mudah dan cepat, dan cocok untuk rangkaian elektronik sederhana. PCB ini akan digunakan untuk rangkaian lampu rem berkedip dengan frekuensi kedipan dapat disetel.

Gambarkan jalur konduktor tembaga pada PCB. Pada prosedur ini, bagian yang terkena tinta adalah garis atau bagian konduktor yang akan dihilangkan.

Sedangkan pada prosedur celup kimia (etsa, etching), bagian tembaga yang tertutup tinta yang akan dipakai jadi konduktor. Dan bagian yang tidak tertutup tinta akan hilang karena larut dalam larutan kimia.

Prosedur ini juga dapat dilihat pada video YouTube berikut:

Video pertama memperlihat proses: menggambar, menandai (punch), melubangi, dan menggores atau memotong konduktor. Perhatikan yang dipotong hanya konduktor tembaga saja. Bagian non konduktor tidak sampai terpotong.

Video kedua memperlihat proses: melebarkan celah di antara konduktor, uji konduktor yang bersebelahan, memotong PCB.

Tandai titik yang akan dibor dengan alat pons (punch), bisa juga dengan paku. Tujuannya agar mata bor tidak meleset saat pertama kali mengenai PCB.

Bor semua lubang komponen dengan diamater bor sesuai kebutuhan, biasanya mata bor diameter 1 mm.

Potong tembaga sesuai garis yang digambar. Perhatikan, yang terpotong hanya lapisan konduktor tembaga saja. Sedangkan lapisan non konduktor tidak terpotong. Untuk itu, pisau cutter jangan terlalu ditekan kuat, dan harus digoreskan beberapa kali. Akan terasa lebih ringan saat menggores jika tembaga sudah terpotong. Bentuk konduktor-konduktor yang mirip segiempat adalah karena bentuk inilah yang mudah dibuat dengan goresan pisau.

Selanjutnya celah yang terbentuk di antara tembaga, diperlebar dengan memanaskan dengan solder. Pastikan ujung solder runcing dan bersih dari timah dan kotoran, agar lebih mudah dan hasilnya rapi. Pada video tampak serpihan tembaga terlepas saat dipanaskan dan didorong solder, sehingga celah melebar.

Uji konduktivitas dengan ohm meter. Jika di antara dua konduktor bersebelahan masih menghantar (korslet, short circuit), maka goreskan pisau lagi, dan perlebar lagi celahnya dengan solder.

Jika tidak ada lagi konduktor yang korlset. Maka PCB bisa dipotong. Pemotongan terakhir dilakukan agar mudah memegang PCB saat proses berlangsung. Jika PCB terlalu kecil maka sulit untuk memegangnya. Jika memotong dengan menggunakan cutter maka harus digoreskan beberapa kali.

Pisau cutter juga harus menggores bagian belakang PCB, atau bagian non konduktor.

Pemotongan juga bisa dilakukan dengan gergaji besi atau gergaji tripleks.

This procedure for making conductor lines of Printed Circuit Board uses only cutter and soldering iron.. Easy and fast, this procedure is suitable for simple electronic circuit. The sample PCB in this article will be used for brake lights flashing circuit with adjustable frequency.

Draw the copper conductor paths on the PCB. In this procedure, the conductor that covered in ink will be removed. The finished PCB conductors are wide and can transmit big current, it cools the circuit, and conductor is not easily damaged if soldered too often or too hot. Therefore this PCB is suitable for simple circuits with high power and current.

Whereas in the chemical dyeing procedure (etching), the copper part covered in ink will be used as a conductor. And the part that is not covered with ink will disappear because it dissolves in a chemical solution.

This procedure can also be seen on the following YouTube videos:

The first video above shows the process: drawing, punching, drilling, and scratching or cutting the conductor. Note that only copper conductors are cut. The non conductor part of PCB does not cut.

The second video shows the process: widen the gap between conductors, test adjacent conductors, cut the PCB.

Mark the points that will be drilled with punch, you can also use nail. The punch marks will ensure drill bit does not slip when it first hits the PCB.

Drill all component holes with diameter drill as needed, usually 1 mm diameter drill bits.

Cut copper according to the line drawn. Note that only the copper conductor is cut. While the non conductor layer is not cut. For this reason, the cutter knife should not be pressed too hard, and must be scratched several times. It will feel lighter when scratching if the copper has been cut. The shape of quadrilateral-like conductors is because this shape is easily made with a knife scratch.

Then the gap is formed between copper, it is widened by heating with soldering iron. Make sure the solder tip is pointed and clean of lead and dirt, to make it easier and the results are neat. The video shows that copper debris is released when heated and pushed by soldering iron, and the gap widens.

Conductivity test with ohm meter. If between two adjacent conductors still connect (short circuit), then scratch the knife again, and expand the gap again with soldering iron.

If there is nothing conductor short circuit. Then the PCB can be cut. Cutting is the last thing to do to make it easier to hold the PCB during the process. If the PCB is too small, it is difficult to hold it. If cutting using a cutter it must be scratched several times.

The cutter knife must also scratch the back of the PCB also, or the non conductor layer.

Cutting can also be done with a hacksaw or a plywood saw.

Baterai 9 volt alkaline non-rechargeable biasanya tidak bisa dicas. Tapi sebenarnya bisa, walau tidak sebaik baterai baru maupun sebaik baterai rechargeable. Prosedur ini sangat membantu jika belum sempat mengganti baterai dengan yang baru. Baterai yang berkualitas bagus biasanya dapat dicas berkali-kali.

Video berikut memperlihatkan proses pengisian baterai 9 volt alkaline non-rechargeable.

Sebelum dicas, pastikan tegangan baterai tidak kurang dari 7,2 volt. Kondisi baterai masih baik, tidak bocor, tidak berkarat. Pengisian dilakukan dengan tegangan 12 volt. Dalam video, tegangan pengisian berasal dari 12v adapter.

Tampak pada foto di atas tegangan baterai masih sekitar 7,9 volt, dan kondisi baterai masih baik.

Sambungkan positif kabel adaptor ke positif baterai, dan negatif adaptor ke negatif baterai. Biarkan tersambung selama sekitar 30 detik. Kebutuhan arus pengisian kecil saja sekitar 10 mA untuk baterai 9 volt ini.

Sebagaimana foto di atas, jepit berwarna hitam adalah negatif dan dihubungkan ke negatif baterai. Jepit berwarna merah adalah positif dan dihubungkan ke positif baterai.

Jangan terlalu lama mengisi, karena baterai bisa panas. Diamkan beberapa saat agar mendingin. Jika tegangan masih kurang, lalukan pengisian kembali.

Sesudah dicas tegangan baterai mencapai 9 volt. Sebuah lampu LED bertegangan sekitar 3 volt. Karena ada 3 lampu tersusun serie, maka LED voltage adalah 9 volt, nampak cahayanya lebih terang setelah baterai dicas.

Non-rechargeable 9 volts alkaline batteries usually cannot be recharged. But actually it can be recharged, though not as good as new or not as good as a rechargeable battery. This procedure is very helpful if you have no time to replace the battery with a new one. Good quality 9 volt batteries can usually be recharged many times.

The following video shows the process of charging a non-rechargeable alkaline 9 volts battery.

Before being charged, make sure the battery voltage is not less than 7.2 volts. The battery condition is still good, does not leak, does not rust. Charging is carried out with a voltage of 12 volts. In video, the charging power comes from the 12v adapter.

In the photo above, the battery voltage is still about 7.9 volts, and the battery condition is still good.

Connect the positive wire of adapter to the positive pole of battery, and the negative wire of adapter to the negative pole of battery. Let it connects for around 30 seconds. It needs only a small charging current about 10 mA for this 9v battery.

As the photo above, the black clip is negative and it is connected to the battery negative pole. The red clip is positive and it is connected to positive pole of battery.

Do not recharge too long, because the battery can get hot. Let it cools for a few moments. If the voltage is still low, then recharge it again.

After recharging the battery voltage reaches 9 volts. One LED voltage is of around 3 volts. Because there are 3 lights arranged in series, then the LED voltage is 9 volts. The light becomes brighter, after the battery is recharged.

Sebagaimana skema sirkuit di atas. Tampak sebuah relai (RL) disuplai dengan tegangan 4,5 volt. Saklar relai tersambung dengan satu buah LED dengan resistor pembatas arus (R). Pada koil relai terpasang beberapa buah LED serie.

Detail komponen adalah:
RL relai 8 pin Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) dengan tegangan koil 5 volt.
LED diameter 5 mm, berwarna biru
R nilai resistor 10 kilo ohm
30 LEDs adalah 30 buah LED diameter 5 mm yang tersambung serie

30 LED yang tersambung serie tapi pada gambar pada skema cuma tiga buah, agar skema tampak lebih sederhana. Warna yang dipilih adalah merah, putih, dan hijau, agar tampak berbeda. 30 LED serie ini terpasang terbalik arah terhadap arus suplai,

Terlihat dalam video di bawah, jika diaktifkan, relai akan memasok arus ke satu buah LED biru. Pada video terlihat bahwa LED biru pada relai akan menyala segera setelah relai diberi arus dari adapter. Dan koil relai jadi aktif, menjadi elektromagnet.

Saat arus dari adapter terputus, LED biru segera mati dan relai non aktif. Kemudian setelah LED biru mati, beberapa buah LED serie akan menyala walau suplai arus dari adapter sudah terputus. Karena lampu-lampu LED serie tersebut mendapat daya lisitrik dari koil relai, bukan dari adapter. Arus ini berasal dari induksi medan magnet yang runtuh dari koil relai, disebut juga voltage spike. Mungkin bisa diartikan sebagai lonjakan tegangan. Arah arus dari koil kebalikan arah arus dari adapter. Oleh karena itu LED serie dipasang terbalik dari arah arus dari adapter.

Pada kaki koil relai yang tersambung pada kabel positif dari adapter, dipasang capit buaya agar bisa memilih jumlah LED serie yang akan tersambung.

Maximal 24 LED serie dinyalakan oleh tegangan spike. Jika satu LED bertegangan 3 volt, maka estimasi tegangan untuk 24 LED adalah sekitar :

3 x 24 = 72 volt.

Tegangan spike aktual sebenarnya lebih tinggi, sekitar 200-300 volt. Walaupun arusnya sangat kecil dan periodenya kurang dari 1 detik, tegangan spike dapat merusak transistor dan IC (Integrated Circuit). Pemasangan dioda terbalik sebagai snubber (peredam) dapat mengurangi tegangan spike.

Jika semua LED serie disambung menjadi total 30 buah LED, akan terjadi kekurangan tegangan pada beberapa LED (voltage drop). Sehingga LED yang kekurangan tegangan tersebut tidak bisa menyala.

LED membutuhkan arus minimal agar menyala. Jika arusnya lebih kecil dari arus minimal, walau tegangannya sangat tinggi, maka LED tidak akan menyala.

As the circuit schematic above. The relay (RL) is activated by a voltage of 4.5 volts. The relay switch is connected to one LED with a current limiting resistor (R). In the relay coil installed several LED in series.

Component details are as below:
RL 8 pin Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) relay with 5 volts coil voltage.
5 mm diameter LED, blue colored
R 10 kilo ohms resistor value
30 LEDs are 30 pieces of 5 mm diameter LED connected in series

30 LEDs connected together but in the schematic are only three of them shown, to make the schematic looks simpler. The colors chosen are red, white, and green, to make them look different. This 30 series LED are connected in reverse direction to the supply current,

Seen in the video below, when activated the relay will supply current to a blue LED. The video shows that the blue LED will be lights up immediately after the relay is connected to the adapter. The relay coil becomes active, and it becomes an electromagnet.

When the adapter is disconnected, the blue LED immediately turns off and the relay is off. Then after the blue LED is off, some series LEDs will light even though the supply current from the adapter has been disconnected. Because those series LEDs get power from the relay coil, not from the adapter. This current comes from the induction of the magnetic field that collapses in the relay coil, also called spike voltage. The current direction from the coil is in the reverse direction of the adapter current. Therefore the serie LED is installed in reverse of the adapter current direction.

On the relay coil pin which is connected to the positive wire from the adapter, a crocodile clip is installed to choose the number of series LEDs to be connected.

As the above photo, maximum 24 LEDs series can be glowed by spike voltage. If one LED has a voltage of about 3 volts, the estimated voltage for 24 LEDs is around:

3 x 24 = 72 volts.

The actual spike voltage is actually higher, around 200-300 volts. Although the current is very small and the period is less than 1 second, spike voltage can damage transistor and IC (Integrated Circuit). Installation of reverse diode as a snubber can reduce spike voltage.

If all series LEDs are connected to a total of 30 LEDs, there will be a shortage of voltage in some LEDs. So those LEDs with low voltage cannot light up.

LEDs require a minimum current to light up. If the current is smaller than the minimum current, even though the voltage is very high, the LED will not turn on.

Light-emitting diode (LED) adalah sumber cahaya semikonduktor yang memancarkan cahaya ketika arus melaluinya. Pada skema di atas, jika diberi arus maju sebesar 20 mA dari anoda (A, anode, positif) ke katoda (C, cathode, negatif) maka akan timbul tegangan maju (V) pada LED sebesar:

Data tegangan maju (LED forward voltage) dari berbagai warna cahaya tersebut dikutip dari kithub.cc. Spesifikasi bisa berbeda tergantung pabrikan pembuat LED. Secara rata-rata tegangan maju minimal dapat dianggap 1,8 volt, dengan nilai maximal untuk amannya senilai 3,3 volt. Sedangkan tegangan terbalik maximal biasanya 5 volt. Tegangan maju LED juga sering disebut sebagai LED voltage drop.

Video YouTube di atas memperlihatkan rangkaian LED saat diuji dengan berbagai tingkat tegangan.

Pada video terlihat bahwa satu buah LED dapat dinyalakan dengan satu buah baterai koin CR2032 bertegangan 3 volt.

Dengan baterai kotak 9 volt Eveready, jumlah LED yang menyala dan disusun seri adalah 3 buah. Terlihat pada video dan foto bahwa LED paling kanan tidak disambung ke baterai. Dan LED warna putih yang paling terang.

Dengan menggunakan adaptor 12 volt, maka jumlah LED yang disusun seri adalah 4 buah. Terlihat pada video dan foto bahwa ke empat LED menyala semua. Terbaca pada multitester tegangan suplai sekitar 11,46 volt.

Untuk tegangan 220 volt dibutuhkan jumlah LED sebanyak:

220 / 3 = 73.33 buah

Dibulatkan ke atas agar lebih aman menjadi 74 buah LED, dapat disambung langsung ke 220 VAC tanpa transformator (trafo).

Tapi pada video hanya menggunakan 40 buah LED. Maka harus ada resistor untuk membatasi arus yang disuplai ke LED seri tersebut. Untuk LED berdiameter 5 mm, arus maximal yang dibolehkan adalah sekitar 20 miliampere.

Sebagaimana terlihat pada skema di atas, yang digambarkan hanya 2 buah LED seri untuk mewakili 40 buah. Untuk mencari nilai resistor dapat menggunakan rumus:

R = (VT - VL) / i

R = nilai resistor
VT = tegangan total = tegangan suplai
VL = tegangan rangkaian seri LED = jumlah LED dikali tegangan LED/
i = arus LED

Tegangan suplai VT adalah 220 volt.
Tegangan rangkaian serie LED adalah 40 x 3 = 120 volt.
Arus LED adalah 20 mA = 0,020 A maximal

Maka nilai resistor = (220 - 120) / 0,020 = 5.000 ohm = 5 kilo ohm

Tapi pada video digunakan 22 kilo ohm, karena pertimbangan keamanan. Juga karena jika arus terlalu besar, maka cahaya LED terlalu terang sehingga dapat menyilaukan kamera.

Karena rangkaiannya adalah seri, maka arus yang melalui resistor sama dengan arus yang melalui semua LED. Jika menggunakan resistor 22 kilo ohm, maka arusnya:

i = VR / R = 100 / 22.000 = 0,0045 ampere = 4.5 mili ampere

Maka daya resistor adalah = P = V x i = 100 x 0,0045 = 0,45 watt

Sehingga menggunakan resistor 1 watt sudah cukup aman, tidak kepanasan. Jika nilai resistor dikecilkan agar LED lebih terang, maka daya resistor harus dinaikkan agar tidak kepanasan.

Pada arus bolak-balik, hanya separuh gelombang yang mengalir dan digunakan untuk menyalakan LED. Separuh gelombang lainnya tertahan oleh LED. Itulah sebabnya pada video cahaya LED tampak seperti bergetar saat disuplai oleh jaringan 220 VAC.

PERINGATAN: jangan menyentuh rangkaian saat terhubung dengan jaringan tegangan tinggi.

Light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when a current passes through it. This article explain about LED light design made of a number of 5 mm diameter LEDs with series connection. In the schematic above, if 20 mA forward current flow from the anode (A, positive) to the cathode (C, negative), the forward voltage (V) will emerge on the LED pins as below:

That LED forward voltage data of various light colors is quoted from kithub.cc. Specifications can be different depending on the LED manufacturer. The average forward voltage can be considered at least 1.8 volts, with a safe maximal value is 3.3 volts. While the maximum reverse voltage is usually 5 volts. LED forward voltage is also often referred to as LED voltage drop.

The YouTube video above shows a series of LEDs when tested with various voltage levels.

The video shows that one LED can be turned on with a 3 volts CR2032 coin battery.

With a 9 volts Eveready battery, they are 3 LEDs arranged in series. Seen on video and photo above that the rightmost LED is not connected to the battery. And the brightest one is white LED.

By using a 12 volt adapter, the number of LEDs arranged in series is 4 pieces. Seen in the photo above that all four LEDs are on. The multi tester display shows about 11.46 volts. This series circuit can be applied to 12 volts LED light for motorbike and car. Because vehicle electric system voltage can raise up to 14.4 volts, so 5 LEDs in series will be more durable to compromise that voltage raise.

For 220 volts voltage, the number of LEDs that are needed as below:

220/3 = 73.33 pieces

Rounded up to make it safer to 74 LEDs, and they can be connected directly to 220 VAC without transformer.

But the video only uses 40 LEDs. Then there must be a resistor to limit the current supplied to those series LEDs. For 5 mm diameter LEDs, the maximum allowable current is around 20 milliamperes.

As shown in the schematic above, there are only 2 LEDs in series to represent 40 pieces. To find the resistor value, you can use the formula as below:

R = (VT - VL) / i

R = resistor value

VT = total voltage = supply voltage

VL = LEDs in series circuit voltage = number of LEDs multiplied by LED voltage

i = LED current

The supply voltage (VT) is 220 volts.

The LED circuit voltage (VL) is 40 x 3 = 120 volts.

The LED current (i) is 20 mA = 0.020 amperes maximum

So the resistor value (R) = (220 - 120) / 0.020 = 5,000 ohms = 5 kilo ohms

But in the video the circuit is using 22 kilo ohms, because of safety considerations. And also, if the current is too big, the LED light is too bright so it can dazzle the camera.

As it is a series circuit, the current through the resistor equals the current through all LEDs. For 22 kilo ohms resistor, the current calculation as below:

i = VR / R = 100 / 22,000 = 0.0045 amperes = 4.5 miliamperes

And the resistor power is = P = V x i = 100 x 0.0045 = 0.45 watts

So using a 1 watt resistor is quite safe, it will not hot. If the resistor value is reduced to make brighter LED light, then the resistor power must be increased so that it does not overheat.

In alternating current, only half waves current are used to power the LED. The other half waves are stopped by LEDs. That is why the LED light in video looks like vibrating when the circuit is connected to a 220 VAC grid.

WARNING: do not touch the circuit when it is connected to a high voltage grid.

Ballast bekas lampu neon jangan dibuang karena bisa dimanfaatkan untuk membuat joule thief (pencuri energi). Alat ini bisa menaikkan tegangan.

Ballast (B) bekas lampu neon dengan kapasitas arus 0.33 ampere dan tegangan 220 volt

Relai (R) dengan tegangan 5 volt, pada video adalah relai dengan 8 kaki, tapi relai 5 kaki juga bisa, berfungsi sebagai pemutus arus dari ballast ke negatif.

Dioda (D) 1N4007 mencegah muatan kapasitor berbalik arah kembali menuju ballast.

Kapasitor (C) senilai 100 nano farad, dengan tegangan di atas 220 volt, mengumpulkan tegangan tinggi yang timbul saat relai memutus arus. Medan magnet pada ballast dan koil relai runtuh dan menginduksi tegangan tinggi pada kumparan ballast dan koil relai. Tegangan tinggi ini terhubung serie dengan tegangan suplai dan kapasitor. Sehingga pada kapasitor terkumpul tegangan tinggi hasil induksi ditambah tegangan dari suplai (baterai).

Video YouTube berikut memperlihatkan saat rangkaian ditest.

Rangkaian ini jika disuplai dengan dua buah baterai 9 volt yang tersusun serie sehingga bertegangan 18 volt, mampu menyalakan lampu Philips LED 220 volt dengan daya 4 watt. Harap diperhatikan bahwa tidak semua lampu LED yang bisa menyala dengan tegangan rendah.

Jika disuplai dengan satu buah baterai 9 volt, maka cukup untuk menyalakan 40 buah LED tersusun serie dengan terang.

Fluorescent lamp ballast or neon lamp ballast should not be thrown away because they can be used to make a joule thief. Joule thief is a simple and inexpensive circuit to increase the voltage by oscillation. It is usually used for small loads. Joule thief can be interpreted as an energy thief. This circuit is also known by other names such as blocking oscillator, joule ringer, vampire torch. The output of this circuit is high voltage reaching around 200 volts with direct current (dc). Usually it is using transistor as switch to connect and disconnect current, and transformer with primary and secondary winding.

In this circuit there is no transformer with two windings (primary and secondary), only one winding. And it is using relay to replace transistor. The photo below shows the arrangement of parts for this circuit. The LED lamp will be connected to those two pins of the capacitor. Because the circuit is very simple, it can be assembled without a printed circuit board (PCB) or matrix board.

Below is schematic diagram of this joule thief.

Ballasts (B) it was used for fluorescent lamp with a current capacity of 0.33 amperes and a voltage of 220 volts with a power of 15 watts.

Relay (R) with rated voltage of 5 volts, in the video the relay has 8 pins, but a 5 pins relay can do also. It functions as a circuit breaker to stop current from ballast to negative. Tested with 12 volt relay but it turns out that the power produced is lower than to the 5 volts relay. This is because the 5 volts relay draws a larger current so that the magnetic field in the coil is stronger too. Therefore the output power is also greater.

Capacitors (C) is 100 nano farads, with a voltage above 220 volts. It is collecting voltage spikes that arise when the relay cut off the current. If the current is cut off, the magnetic field in the ballast and relay coil collapses and induces high voltage in ballast coil and relay coil. This high voltage is connected in series to the supply voltage and capacitor. So that the capacitor accumulates high voltage induction plus the voltage from the supply (battery).

Diode (D) 1N4007 prevents the high voltage charge in capacitor to turn back towards the ballast.

The following YouTube video shows when the circuit was tested.

If this circuit is supplied by two 9 volts batteries arranged in series, so that it has a voltage of 18 volts, it can turn on a 220 volt Philips LED lamp with 4 watts of power.

The Philips LED voltage (output) is around 56 volts with a current of 2.25 mA, so the output power or LED lamp power is 0.126 watts. Whereas the actual voltage is measured at about 17 volts with a current of 12.5 mA, so the input power is 0.213 watts, then the efficiency is around 59%. This efficiency is quite good for a very simple circuit.

Please note that not all LED bulb can be turned on by low voltage. LED bulb that cannot use dimmers, cannot work at low voltage. It is usually written as non-dimmable.

If supplied with one 9 volts battery, it is enough to turn on 40 LEDs arranged in series brightly.

For a 5 mm diameter LEDs load arranged in series, the input voltage is 9.6 volts, with an input current of 14.8 mA, so the input power is 0.142 watts. The output voltage of the LEDs series circuit is 88.4 volts with a current of 0.65 mA, so the output power is 0.057 watts. Then the efficiency is the output power divided by the input power, and the the result is 40%. This efficiency is low because the load is too small. While the power absorbed by the circuit is about the same when the circuit is given a greater load, the Philips LED bulb.

Video YouTube berikut ini merekam cantiknya pemandangan Jakarta saat uji coba publik Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) atau disebut juga Moda Raya Terpadu.

Pada fase pertama ini rute MRT yang sudah beroperasi adalah dari Lebak Bulus menuju Bunderan Hotel Indonesia dan sebaliknya, sebagaimana gambar di bawah.

Jalur bawah tanah (subway) tergambar dengan warna merah, tentu saja tidak banyak pemandangan di situ, hanya pemandangan di dalam setiap stasiun. Stasiunnya: Bunderan Hotel Indonesia, Dukuh Atas, Setiabudi, Bendungan Hilir, Istora, Senayan.

Jalur layang (flyover) ditandai dengan warna biru. Di jalur ini banyak pemandangan cantik yang layak direkam. Stasiunnya: Sisingamangaraja, Blok M, Blok A, Haji Nawi, Cipete Raya, Fatmawati, Lebak Bulus.

Saya naik dari stasiun Bendungan Hilir dan turun di Bunderan Hotel Indonesia. Dari Bunderan HI naik lagi menuju Lebak Bulus, ini adalah jarak terjauh dan ditempuh sekitar 30 menit dengan jarak sekitar 15 kilometer. Dari Lebak Bulus naik lagi menuju ke Sisingamangaraja.

Sebagaimana dikutip dari jakartamrt, gerbong atau kereta dengan istilah perkeretaapiannya disebut rolling stock, memiliki dimensi panjang 20 meter, lebar 2,9 meter, dan tinggi 3,9 meter. Dengan warna dominan biru dan abu-abu metalik, gerbong terbuat dari bahan baja antikarat (stainless steel) dengan berat kosong per satu kereta mencapai 31 hingga 35 ton, dibuat oleh Nippon Sharyo, Jepang

Bagian dalam kereta terlihat pada foto di bawah. Kereta memiliki kapasitas angkut maksimum 332 orang. Di fase 1, PT MRT Jakarta menyediakan 16 rangkaian kereta. Satu rangkaian terdiri dari enam kereta, maka kapasitas angkut satu rangkaian mencapai 1.950 orang.

Estimasi akan dapat mengangkut lebih dari 174 ribu orang per harinya. Headway atau rentang waktu antarkereta lima menit pada jam sibuk, dan sekitar sepuluh menit di luar jam sibuk.

The following YouTube video records the beautiful scenery of Jakarta during a public trial of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) or also called Integrated Moda Raya.

In this first phase the MRT route that has been operating is from Lebak Bulus to the Indonesian Hotel Roundabout and vice versa, as shown below.

The underground route (subway) is illustrated in red, of course there are no scenery to see there, only the scenery inside each station. The subway stations are: Bunderan Hotel Indonesia, Dukuh Atas, Setiabudi, Bendungan Hilir, Istora, Senayan.

Flyover route is marked in blue. On this route there are many beautiful sights that are worth recording. The flyover stations are: Sisingamangaraja, Blok M, Blok A, Haji Nawi, Cipete Raya, Fatmawati, Lebak Bulus.

I start riding at Bendungan Hilir station and get off at the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. From the Hotel Indonesia roundabout ride again to Lebak Bulus, this is the farthest distance and it takes about 30 minutes with a distance of about 15 kilometers. From Lebak Bulus, I ride again to Sisingamangaraja.

As quoted from Jakartamrt, carriage or train in rail transport industry is called rolling stock. It has dimensions of 20 meters in length, 2.9 meters in width, and 3.9 meters in height. With a dominant color of blue and metallic gray, the carriages are made of stainless steel with an empty weight per train reaching 31 to 35 tons, made by Nippon Sharyo, Japan

The inside of the train is shown in the photo below. The train has a maximum carrying capacity of 332 people. In this phase 1, PT MRT Jakarta provides 16 trains. One series consists of six trains, the carrying capacity of one series reaches 1,950 people.

It is estimated to be able to carry more than 174 thousand people per day. Headway or time between vehicles is five minutes during rush hour, and about ten minutes outside rush hour.

The following photo shows when the train is above the TB Simatupang highway, the train is heading to Fatmawati station from Blok M. BPJS Cilandak employment office is located right under the Fatmawati station, the address is: Jl. R.A.Kartini No.18. Starting in 2018, the employment claim is processed online only, the employee then goes to the BPJS office according to the online queue schedule to complete the document. With the MRT, it will be easier to come to the BPJS office.

The photo below is a scenere or railway depot at Lebak Bulus. Lebak Bulus station is close to Transmart Lebak Bulus (Carrefour), and Grand Mercure Simatupang hotel (Mercure Lebak Bulus).

During public trials (Uji Coba Publik), MRT tickets can be purchased at Bukalapak.com, and it is free to ride. The following photo shows the mark on passenger during a public trial.

When fully operational, the ticket can be purchased at the Ticket Office and at the Automatic Ticketing Machine (Ticket Vending Machine) as shown below.

Also read Cinere Bellevue bus to Soekarno Hatta airport (Soetta), via: Pangkalan Jati, Pondok Labu, One Bellpark, Fatmawati, Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR).

The photo below shows Transjakarta route 1E Pondok Labu - Blok M being parked at the DDN (Departemen Dalam Negeri) Pondok Labu park.

TransJakarta Blok M-Ciledug bus corridor 13 via elevated roads specifically for TransJakarta buses.

Flasher Lampu Rem Berkedip dan Lampu Sein

Brake Light & Turn Signal Electronic Flasher

Tol Depok Antasari (Desari) seksi Brigif Cilandak

Depok Antasari (Desari) Toll Section Brigif Cilandak

Flasher Lampu Rem Berkedip Frekuensi Disetel

Adjustable Frequency Brake Light Simple Flasher

Mekarnya Bunga Amaryllis Merah Hippeastrum Puniceum

Red Amaryllis Flower Hippeastrum Puniceum Blooming

Buat Jalur PCB Tanpa Kimia Etching

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Without Etching

Cas Baterai 9 Volt Alkaline Non-rechargeable

Recharge 9 Volts Battery Alkaline Non-rechargeable

Lonjakan Tegangan Relai Nyalakan 24 LED Serie

Relay Voltage Spike Glows 24 LEDs in Series

Merangkai Seri LED Untuk 9 Volt, 12 Volt, 220 Volt

LEDs Series Connection For 9 Volts, 12 Volts, 220 Volts

Joule Thief Dengan Relai Dan Neon Ballast

Joule Thief With Fluorescent Ballast And Relay

MRT Jakarta Indahnya Pemandangan Di Flyover

MRT Jakarta Beautiful Views on Flyover